I am at work and don't have my poolcalc handy, so I'll have to find your answer to #1 and edit this post with the answer. A TA of 130 is okay, but unless you're using trichlor to chlorinate, you'll find that lowering your TA to around 80 will help keep your pH more stable. About the phosphates, you can disregard that number. Phosphate removers are one of the latest gimmicks that pool stores use to separate you from your money. In a properly chlorinated pool, phosphates don't matter.

Odds are pretty good that the yellow you're seeing is pollen. Does t collect around the waterline?