Is your vinyl liner blue? If so, then I think you may have yellow/mustard algae and not green algae. Yellow+Blue(cyan) = Green. You describe the algae as "dust" which sounds more like yellow/mustard algae and would explain why the usual chlorine maintenance levels aren't keeping it away. Is the algae mostly on the wall and floor in the shady area of the pool? Yellow/mustard algae prefers shade. Do you have any removable ladders or other equipment in the pool where the algae might be hiding out inside? For plaster pools, we have people go behind light niches where they often find a lot of yellow/mustard algae if they have such an infestation, but I don't think you have pool lights (and therefore light niches) in your vinyl pool, do you? Is the algae in areas of poor water circulation?

Also, are you sure that it's algae and not pollen?